They were tool users, and makers of tools. īy 4 million years ago, several australopithecine hominid species had developed throughout Southern, Eastern and Central Africa. This would have occurred 10 to 5 million years ago, but these claims are controversial because biologists and genetics have humans appearing around the last 70 thousand to 200 thousand years. This gave them a crucial advantage, enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open savanna at a time when Africa was drying up and the savanna was encroaching on forested areas. According to paleontology, the early hominids' skull anatomy was similar to that of the gorilla and the chimpanzee, great apes that also evolved in Africa, but the hominids had adopted a bipedal locomotion which freed their hands. The first known hominids evolved in Africa. Main articles: Lower Paleolithic, Middle Stone Age, and Later Stone Age 9.1 Historiographic and Conceptual Problems.9 Historiographic and Conceptual Problems of North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa.4.6 France versus Britain: the Fashoda crisis of 1898.4.5 European trade, exploration and conquest.3.14.2.1 Akan kingdoms and emergence of Asante Empire.3 Medieval and Early Modern (6th to 18th centuries).2.4 Macrobia and the Barbari City States.1.2 Emergence of agriculture and desertification of the Sahara.ĭisciplines such as recording of oral history, historical linguistics, archaeology and genetics have been vital in rediscovering the great African civilizations of antiquity. However following struggles for independence in many parts of the continent, as well as a weakened Europe after the Second World War (1939–1945), decolonization took place across the continent, culminating in the 1960 Year of Africa. Subsequently, European colonization of Africa developed rapidly from around 10% (1870) to over 90% (1914) in the Scramble for Africa (1881–1914). They transported enslaved West, Central, and Southern Africans overseas. That includes the triangular trade, with the Portuguese initially acquiring slaves through trade and later by force as part of the Atlantic slave trade. įrom the late 15th century, Europeans joined the slave trade. At its peak, prior to European colonialism, it is estimated that Africa had up to 10,000 different states and autonomous groups with distinct languages and customs. Some notable pre-colonial states and societies in Africa include the Ajuran Empire, Bachwezi Empire, D'mt, Adal Sultanate, Alodia, Warsangali Sultanate, Buganda Kingdom, Kingdom of Nri, Nok culture, Mali Empire, Bono State, Songhai Empire, Benin Empire, Oyo Empire, Kingdom of Lunda (Punu-yaka), Ashanti Empire, Ghana Empire, Mossi Kingdoms, Mutapa Empire, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Sennar, Kingdom of Saloum, Kingdom of Baol, Kingdom of Cayor, Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Kingdom of Kongo, Empire of Kaabu, Kingdom of Ile Ife, Ancient Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania, and the Aksumite Empire.
ĭuring the Middle Ages, Islam spread west from Arabia to Egypt, crossing the Maghreb and the Sahel. The earliest known recorded history arose in Ancient Egypt, and later in Nubia, the Sahel, the Maghreb and the Horn of Africa.įollowing the desertification of the Sahara, North African history became entwined with the Middle East and Southern Europe while the Bantu expansion swept from modern day Cameroon (Central Africa) across much of the sub-Saharan continent in waves between around 1000 BC and 1 AD, creating a linguistic commonality across much of the central and Southern continent. The history of Africa begins with the emergence of hominids, archaic humans and-at least 200,000 years ago- anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens), in East Africa, and continues unbroken into the present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states.
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